Hinu whakawhiti I roto i te āhua o te wai, ka taea te whakauru i te whakawhiti i roto i te tukanga kawe, rokiroki, me te whakamahi mā te waikura o waho, te hinu rānei, ka noho te wai e puta ana i roto i ēnei āhua: ko tētahi he wai kore utu. Ko te tuarua ko ngā matūriki tino kikokore ka rewa ki roto i te wai. Ko te ngota muka ārai ko te ngota hukahuka (C6H12O6). Ina uru te wai ki roto i te ngota muka, ka whakaitihia tōna kukume, ka whakatairanga i tōna waikura ki roto i ngā matū ngota iti, ā, ka whakaitihia te kaha miihini me te taumata o te polymerization o te muka.

I tēnei wā, whakawhiti hikoEhara i te mea ko te r tētahi o ngā taputapu tino nui me te utu nui o te pūnaha hiko anake, engari ko tētahi o ngā taputapu e tino pāngia ai te pūnaha hiko. I mua i te pakaru ohorere o te whakawhiti hiko, ka puta he raupapa o ngā pānga me ngā mōhiohio pēnei i te mārama, te hiko, te oro, te wera me ngā huringa matū i raro i te mahi a te ngaohiko whakahaere nā te hekenga o te whakamarumaru me te hapa huna. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te tiaki ārai i runga i ngā whakamātautau ārai anake me mahi i ia wā i te kāinga me tāwāhi, engari kei te akohia hoki ngā rautaki tiaki matapae i runga i te aroturuki ipurangi hei aroturuki me te tautuhi i ngā hapa, i ngā hapa rānei pea i runga ipurangi i te wā tūturu, i ia wā rānei. Ko te nui o te makuku i roto i te hinu whakamarumaru whakawhiti hiko he tawhā anō hoki hei whakatau i te kounga whakamarumaru o te whakawhiti hiko. Ka taea e ngā taputapu tātaritanga atamai ipurangi a te whakawhiti hiko te kohikohi aunoa, te tātari i te nui o te wai i roto i te hinu me te kimi i te take o te pakaru, hei whakarato otinga, hei whakatau wawe i ngā tūponotanga huna kei roto i te whakawhiti hiko, hei ārai i ngā aituā.

1. Te āhua me te kino o te makuku i roto i te hinu whakawhiti

I roto i te tukanga kawe, rokiroki me te whakamahinga, ka taea te whakauru mai e te ao o waho, te waikura rānei o te hinu hei whakaputa wai, ka puta te wai i roto i ngā āhua e whai ake nei:

Ko tētahi he wai kore utu. Mō te urunga mai o waho o te wai, pērā i te kore e ngāwari ki te whakaoho ki te wai. Kāore e pā ki te ngaohiko pakaru o te hinu, engari kāore hoki e whakaae kia tukatukahia tonutia, e tohu ana kei reira pea te wai rewa i roto i te hinu.

Ko te tuarua, ko ngā matūriki tino angiangi ka rewa ki te wai. Ko te tikanga ka puta mai i te hau ki roto i te hinu, ka tino whakaiti i te ngaohiko pakaru o te hinu. Ka piki ake te ngaronga waenga, ka piki ake te hinu tātari korehau.

Tuatoru, te wai whakapūkara. He ngoikore te whakamahine hinu, ki te roa rānei te whakamahinga ka pāngia te hinu e te koroheketanga, ki te poke rānei te hinu i te whakapūkara, ka whakaitihia te taumahatanga o te hononga i waenga i te hinu me te wai, pērā i te hinu me te wai e konatunatua ana, ka hanga te āhua whakapūkara. Tāpirihia he mea whakakore i te hinu.

Ko tōna kino: ko tētahi he whakaiti i te ngaohiko pakaru o ngā hua hinu. Mēnā ka heke te ngaohiko pakaru 100 ~ 200mg/kg ki te 1.0kV, ka mimiti ngāwari te wai i ngā poke muka i roto i te hinu, ā, i raro i te mahi a te mara hiko, ka hangaia he "piriti" arataki i waenganui i ngā irahiko, kia ngāwari ai te pakaru.

Ko te tuarua ko te whakanui ake i te tauwehenga ngaronga o te reo. Ko te wai whakatārewatanga emulsified te mea tino pānga, ā, kāore i te ōrite. Ko te ngota muka ārai ko te ngota hukahuka (C6H12O6). Ina uru te wai ki te ngota muka, ka whakaitihia tōna kukume, ka whakatairanga i tōna waikura ki ngā matū iti-ngota, ā, ka whakaitihia te kaha ā-pūkaha me te taumata o te polymerization o te muka. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau 120℃, ka piki ake te muka ārai i roto i te makuku mā te 1 wā, ka heke te kaha ā-pūkaha o te muka mā te 1/2, ina piki te pāmahana, ka piki ake te wai i roto i te hinu, ka heke te wai i roto i te muka, ka heke te pāmahana, ko te ritenga kē. Nō reira, me aroturuki te ihirangi makuku i roto i te hinu, ā, me aroturuki te koroheketanga o te muka ārai. Ko te tuawhā ko te wai e whakatairanga ana i te kaha waikura o ngā waikawa waro me te whakateretere i te waikura o ngā wāhanga whakarewa. Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te nui ake o te wai i roto i te hinu, ko te tere ake o te koroheketanga o te hinu tonu, te koroheketanga o te ārai taputapu me te waikura o ngā wāhanga whakarewa, nō reira me aroturuki te ihirangi wai i roto i te hinu, inā koa te ihirangi o te wai rewa.

2. Tikanga whakamātautau mō te makuku i roto i te hinu whakamātao whakawhiti

Te aromatawai i te haumākū i roto i te rauemi whakamahana He mea nui tēnei hei whakarite i te pono me te roa o te mahi a te whakawhiti hiko. Kei te huri tonu te makuku i roto i te hinu whakamahana, ā, ka pā kino pea tēnei ki te kounga. Hei tāpiri, ko te nuinga o te makuku ka tohatohahia ki roto i te pepa whakamahana. Ka pā te makuku ki te kaha pakaru hiko o ngā rauemi whakamahana totoka me te wai, ā, ka pā ki te tere tawhito o ngā rauemi whakamahana cellulose me te āhua o te hanganga mirumiru i te wā e utaina ana.

Ka taea e te pāmahana taiao, te kawenga, te koroheketanga, te turuturu, me ētahi atu āhuatanga te whakaputa i ngā huringa tonu o te haumākū. Nō reira, me aroturuki tonu me te tautuhi i ngā huringa huringa o te pāmahana o te whakawhiti hiko. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā whakawhiti hiko kua taumaha rawa, kua piki rawa rānei te kawenga. Ko te haumākū katoa i roto i te pūnaha whakamahana whakawhiti hiko ka whakatauhia e te nui o te makuku o te cellulose me te wai. Ko te whanaungatanga haumākū i waenga i te pepa whakamahana me te hinu whakamahana ka whakawhirinaki ki te pāmahana anake. I te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka piki ake te wairewa o te wai i roto i te hinu whakamahana (te kaha pupuri wai o te otinga), ā, ka whakawhitia te wai mai i te pepa whakamahana ki te hinu whakamahana.

Ina heke te pāmahana, ka hoki whakamuri te tukanga, engari he puhoi rawa te rere o te wai mai i te wai whakamātao ki te rauemi ārai totoka. Nō reira, he nui ake te nui o te wai i roto i te hinu ārai i te wā whakamatao i tērā i te wā whakamahana. Nō reira, kia mārama ai te tohatoha haumākū i roto i te whakawhiti hiko, me mōhio ki te tūranga o te taputapu i roto i tōna huringa wera. Hei mārama ki te haumākū tūturu o te pepa ārai mā te aroturuki i te nui o te makuku i roto i te wai whakamātao, me noho te whakawhiti hiko i roto i te āhua pāmahana pumau.

Me whakarite te mākū o te wai i roto i te hinu ārai wera, nā te mea he hononga tata te haumākū o te hinu ārai wera ki ngā huringa pāmahana, ā, he rerekētanga pāmahana kei roto i te pouaka matua o te whakawhiti hiko (he maha ngā wā ka mahana ake te tihi o te pouaka i te raro). Hei whakaoti i te whakaritenga, ka tangohia e te tātari pūnaha tohunga te ōrau o te mākū o te wai i raro. Ka taea tēnei te whiwhi mā te whakamahi i te pāmahana i tukuna mai e te pūoko me tōna wāhi tauira.

E whakaarohia ana e te tātaritanga ko te pāmahana o runga o te whakawhiti hiko he 10℃ teitei ake i te pāmahana o raro. Mena ka whakamahia he wāhi ehara i te tihi, i te raro rānei hei pūwāhi tauira, me tohu te rerekētanga pāmahana. Mā te mākū o te haumākū me te pāmahana i inehia, ka waiho te pūnaha tohunga hei ōrau motuhake o te mākū mō ngā hua tatau haumākū pepa whakamahana. He mea nui kia mōhio ko tēnei tataunga e ahu mai ana i ngā mōhiohio mai i tētahi inenga kotahi, ā, kāore pea e whakaata i te kukū makuku tūturu o te pepa whakamahana, inā koa i muri i te huringa nui o te pāmahana o te whakawhiti hiko.

Mena ka whakatauhia e te pūnaha tohunga kei roto te whakawhiti hiko i te taurite (kāore te pepa ārai e tuku, e mimiti rānei i te makuku), ka tatauhia te ōrau tuarua o te mākūtanga whanaunga, koinei te toharite o ngā inenga whakamutunga e 30 o te ōrau mākūtanga whanaunga ina kei roto te whakawhiti hiko i te taurite. Ko te pāmahana me te rerekētanga kua tuhia i runga ake nei ka whakatau i ngā paearu mō te whakatau i te aroaro, te ngaro rānei o te taurite.

He momo taputapu whakamātautau ā mātou mō te whakamātautau hinu whakawhiti, pērā i: Te Whakamātautau Taumahatanga Atanga, te Whakamātautau Tatau Matūriki Hinu, te Whakamātautau Ira Ringihia me ētahi atu. Mēnā he pātai āu, whakapā mai ki a mātou.