1, Te hanganga o te pūnaha hiko

（1） Pūnaha hiko

E ai ki ngā whakaritenga hangarau me te ōhanga kua tohua

Ka kiia he pūnaha kotahi he pūnaha hiko. Kei roto hoki i te pūnaha hiko ngā whakawhiti hei whakarite kia haumaru, kia pono hoki tana mahi.

Pūrere aunoa tiaki me te haumaru, aunoatanga tuku, whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ētahi atu pūnaha āwhina (e kiia ana ko ngā pūnaha tuarua). Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Pūnaha Hiko

Ko te mahi he whakarato i te hiko e rawaka ana, e pono ana, e whai tikanga ana, e iti ana hoki te utu ki ngā kaiwhakamahi.

（2） Whatunga hiko

Ko te wāhanga o te pūnaha hiko e tuku ana, e whakawhiti ana, e tohatoha ana hoki i te hiko ka kiia ko te whatunga hiko. Kei roto i te whatunga hiko te whatunga tuku me te tohatoha.

Tukutuku.

Ko te mahi matua o te whatunga tuku hiko he whakanui ake i te ngaohiko mai i te tipu hiko i tawhiti atu i te pokapū kawenga mā te whakawhiti hiko me te tuku

Ka tukuna te raina tuku hiko-teitei ki te teihana hiko matua e tata ana ki te pokapū kawenga. I taua wā anō, ka honoa hoki e te raina tuku ngā pūnaha hiko tata me

Koinei te mahi a ngā teihana hiko tata.

Ko te whatunga tohatoha he whatunga hiko e tohatoha tika ana i te hiko mai i te teihana matua ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea te whatunga tohatoha ki ngā momo teitei.

Ngaohiko, ngaohiko reo me te whatunga tohatoha ngaohiko iti. I Haina, ko te ngaohiko o te whatunga tohatoha ngaohiko teitei he rite tonu ki te whatunga tohatoha ngaohiko reo.

Ko te ngaohiko o te whatunga tohatoha ngaohiko iti he pūnaha waea-whā-wāhanga-toru te tikanga

2. Ngā āhuatanga o te mahi a te pūnaha hiko

Tuatahi, he nui te tapeke ohaoha. I tēnei wā, kua neke atu i te 200 piriona te rahinga rawa o te umanga hiko o Haina, e whakaatu ana i te hauwhā o ngā rawa katoa a te kāwanatanga. Ka pā tika te whakaputa hiko ki te whanaketanga hauora o te ōhanga o te motu.

Ko te tuarua ko te wā kotahi, arā, mehemea ka taea te penapena i te pūngao hiko i roto i ngā rahinga nui, kāore e taea te wehewehe i te kotahitanga o ia hononga, ā, he tino tere te tukanga whakawhiti. Me ōrite te mana e whakaputaina ana i roto i te wā poto ki te mana e whakamahia ana i roto i te wā poto, nō reira he mea tino nui ia hononga o te whakaputa hiko, te tuku, me te tohatoha ki ngā kaiwhakamahi.

Tuatoru, he tino pokapū, he kotahi hoki te hanga hiko. Ahakoa te maha o ngā tipu hiko me ngā kamupene tuku hiko, me kotahi te whatunga hiko i roto i te tuku, ngā paerewa whakahaere me ngā tikanga whakahaere; he tino whakaritenga mō te hanga haumaru, te whakahaere whakahaere me ngā tikanga matatika ngaio.

Tuawhā, te whaihua. He whānui ngā kaupapa ratonga o te umanga hiko, e uru ana ki te katoa o te hapori. He hononga tata te kounga hiko me te taumata utu ki ngā painga o te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakamahi hiko.

Tuarima, me ārahi te ōhanga o te motu i te whanaketanga o te hiko.

3, Ngaohiko kua whakatauhia o te pūnaha hiko

Ka whakarōpūtia te ngaohiko o te whatunga hiko. Ka titoa, ka whakaputaina hoki te taumata ngaohiko kua whakarōpūtia o te whatunga hiko e te kāwanatanga i muri i te tātaritanga whānui me te whakaaturanga i runga anō i ngā hiahia o te whanaketanga ōhanga ā-motu, te whai take o te hangarau me te ōhanga, te taumata hanga o ngā taputapu hiko me ētahi atu āhuatanga.

I tēnei wā, ko te taumata ngaohiko AC teitei rawa atu i Haina ko te 1000KV, i whakatinanahia mai i Changzhi ki Jingmen i te 30 o Tīhema, 2008; Ko te taumata ngaohiko DC teitei rawa atu i Haina ko te 500KV tāpiri atu, tāpiri atu rānei, tae atu ki te Raina Gezhouba – Shanghai Nanqiao, te Raina Tianshengqiao – Guangzhou, te Raina Guizhou – Guangdong, me te Raina Three Gorges – Guangdong.

I tēnei wā, ko ngā ngaohiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana i Haina ko te 220V, 380V, 6kV, 10kV, 35kV, 110kV, 220kV, 330kV, 500kV me te 1000KV. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā raina ngaohiko 10KV me raro iho ka kiia he raina tohatoha hiko, ā, ko ngā raina ngaohiko 35KV me runga ake ka kiia he raina tuku hiko. E whakaritea ana hoki ko te ngaohiko i runga ake i te 1KV he "ngaohiko teitei", ko te ngaohiko i raro iho i te 1KV he "ngaohiko iti", ā, ko te ngaohiko haumaru he 36V me raro iho.

He rite tonu te ngaohiko whakatauranga o ngā taputapu hiko ki te ngaohiko o te whatunga hiko. Inaa, nā te ngaronga ngaohiko i roto i te whatunga hiko, ka rerekē te ngaohiko tuturu i ia pūwāhi mai i te uara whakatauranga. Hei whakarite i te mahi pai o ngā taputapu hiko, he mārama me whānui ake te whānuitanga o te ngaohiko mahi noa o ngā taputapu hiko i te rerekētanga whakaaetia o te ngaohiko whatunga. Ko te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te whakaputa hiko he 5% teitei ake i te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te whatunga taumata kotahi hei whakakapi i te ngaronga ngaohiko i runga i te whatunga.

Ka wehea te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te whakawhiti hiko ki ngā takai tuatahi me ngā takai tuarua. Mō te takai tuatahi, ina honoa te whakawhiti hiko ki te pito o te whatunga, he rite tonu te āhua ki te kawenga i runga i te whatunga (pērā i te whakawhiti hiko whakaheke-whakarewa wheketere), nō reira he rite tonu tōna ngaohiko whakatauranga ki tērā o te whatunga. Ina honoa te whakawhiti hiko ki te putanga whakaputa hiko (pērā i te whakawhiti hiko whakaheke-whakarewa tipu hiko), me rite tonu tōna ngaohiko whakatauranga ki tērā o te whakaputa hiko. Mō te takai tuarua, me 5% teitei ake te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te takai tuarua o te whakawhiti hiko i te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te whatunga me te whakaaro ki tōna ake mate ngaohiko (i tatauhia e te 5%) ina utaina te whakawhiti hiko. Ina roa te tawhiti tuku i te taha tuarua, me whakaaro hoki ki te mate ngaohiko raina (i tatauhia e te 5%). I tēnei wā, me 10% teitei ake te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te takai tuarua i te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te whatunga.