Te Whakatau i te Āraitanga o te Arai: Te Huarahi ki te Mekameka Tuku Hiko o Amerika

I ēnei rā, he nui ngā herenga kei te pā mai ki te mekameka tuku taonga, ā, he iti tonu te kaha whakaputa o te US.

Kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā taputapu whatunga i ngā tau tata nei (Whakaaturanga 2), ā, kua roa te wā e tukuna ana (Whakaaturanga 3) me ngā utu kua piki ake (Whakaaturanga 4). Hei tauira, kua piki ake te utu o ngā taura mō ngā raina hiko. kua piki rua mai i te tau 2019, ā, kua piki ake ngā utu o ngā whakawhiti hiko mā te 75%. Ka pā kino pea te pikinga o ngā utu taputapu whatunga ki te ngā utu hiko mō ngā kaihoko pakihi me ngā kaihoko whare. E ai ki tātaritanga Mai i te Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ko ngā whakapaunga tohatoha me te tuku hiko, i pāngia e ngā here o te mekameka tuku, kua whai wāhi ki ngā pikinga o ngā pire hiko a ngā kaihoko i ēnei wā tata nei.

Whakaaturanga 2

Ahakoa ētahi ahunga whakamua ki te whakahou i te tuanui hiko, me mahi tonu kia mau ai te mekameka tuku hiko o Amerika.

Kei te tīmata ngā kaihanga ki te whakautu ki te korenga o te mekameka tuku hiko mā te maha o ngā panuitanga tata nei mō te kaha whakaputa hou, te kaha whakaputa whānui rānei i te Hononga o Amerika. Hei tauira, i panuitia e Hitachi Energy he $1 piriona te haumitanga ki te hanga taputapu whakawhiti me te whatunga me tētahi wheketere hou i Virginia, ā, Ko te whāinga a Siemens Energy he hanga i tētahi kaha hou mō ngā whakawhiti hiko o Amerika i te tau 2027Te Whakaaetanga Anga o Amerika-Hapani i whiriwhiria i te tau 2025, kei roto hoki ngā herenga haumitanga mō ngā taputapu whatunga.

Ahakoa he whakatenatena ēnei whanaketanga, kāore i te rawaka hei whakakī i ngā āputa o te mekameka tuku taonga mō te tau 2030. Kua āta tirohia e ngā kaihanga ngā haumitanga hou tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, me te ngā huringa pikinga me te hinganga o mua ka pātai ngā kaiwhakahaere mēnā ka mau tonu te tono. Hei tāpiri, me wikitoria e te Hononga o Amerika ngā wero o te mekameka tuku e pā ana ki ngā whakaurunga rauemi, te kaha o te hunga mahi, me te hoko ratonga:

• Ngā whakaurunga rauemi: Ko ngā haumitanga hou e aro ana ki te huihuinga whakamutunga o ngā taputapu whatunga engari kāore i te tino aro ki te kaha, ki ngā whakawhirinakitanga rānei ki te maitai motuhake, te parahi, me te konumohe. He iti noa te kaha o te whakamahine parahi o te United States, ā, e rua noa iho ngā kaiwhakarato arumoni o te maitai hiko kore-witi me te kore-witi (GOES me NOES), me te kotahi noa iho te kaiwhakarato o te konganuku kore-ahua, he whakakapinga maitai hiko me ngā āhuatanga rauemi kua whakapaitia.
• Ngā Kaimahi: Pūrongo a ngā kaihanga taputapu whatunga ngā wero ki te kimi me te pupuri i ngā kaimahi pūkenga, me te kī ko te korenga o ngā kaimahi hangarau tētahi o ngā arai nui ki te whakawhānui i te kaha.
• Te hoko ratonga: He hoahoa whakawhiti hiko motuhake ā ngā kamupene hiko, he rerekē te rahi me ngā whakaritenga ngaohiko hei whakatutuki i te kawenga a te kiritaki. Ko te nui o te whakaritenga hoahoa (hei tauira, neke atu i te 80,000 ngā momo whakawhiti hiko) e whakawhāiti ana i te kaha o te umanga ki te whakanui i te whakaputanga me te hanga i te manawanui o te mekameka tuku puta noa i ngā putea kaupapa. Ngā mahi hoko ratonga huri noa ngā kaiwhakarato pai ka uaua hoki te whiwhi tiwhikete mā ngā kaihanga hou.

Nō reira, kei te iti tonu te tuku hiko ki te Hononga o Amerika. Kāore te hanga e wātea ana i te whakataetae utu ki ngā kawemai nā te mea he nui ake ngā utu o ngā rauemi me te mahi, tae atu ki te tohungatanga e whakawhāiti ana i ngā ōhanga tauine. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakawhiti hiko i hangaia i roto i te motu, e kiia ana he 10%–25% te utu nui atu i ngā whakawhiti hiko kawemai. Mā ngā wawaotanga kaupapa here kua arotahihia, e matapakihia ana i te wāhanga e whai ake nei, ka āwhina i te hanga kaha, te whakapai ake i te mahi tahi, me te whakaiti i ngā utu.

Ki te kore he wawaotanga kaupapa here, ka uaua te Hononga o Amerika ki te whakatutuki i te hiahia mō ngā taputapu whatunga hiko, ā, ka waiho hei tūmomo mōrearea nui ki te pūnaha hiko me te ōhanga. He waimarie, he maha ngā otinga pea hei whakapakari i ngā mekameka tuku whatunga hiko o Amerika, ā, kua tīmata ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ā-motu ki te whakautu.

I te marama o Hānuere 2026, i whakaratohia te Tari Hiko o te Tari Pūngao (DOE) $375 miriona hei whakarei ake i te mekameka tuku ā-whare mō ngā whakawhiti hiko me ētahi atu wāhanga me ngā rauemi whatunga hiko. I roto i tētahi tuhinga i tukuna ki te DOE i te marama o Āperira 2026, i whakatauhia e te Whakahaerenga Trump i raro i te te Ture Whakaputa Ārai (DPA) hei whakawhānui i te kaha o te mekameka tuku hiko ā-whare, e kiia ana he "tino iti." Ka whakamanahia e te DPA te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu tae atu ki ngā hoko, ngā herenga hoko, me te tautoko pūtea mō te whakaputa, ahakoa ko te pūtea hei whakahaere ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā mahi a te Runanga ā-muri.

Kei raro nei ngā otinga kaupapa here ka taea e te Tari Whakahaere te whakaaro i a te tari e whakamahi ana i te pūtea mekameka tuku whatunga hou me te whakatinana i te DPA, me ētahi atu mahi ka taea e te Runanga te mahi hei whakatika i tēnei wero. E toru ngā wāhanga o ngā wawaotanga kaupapa here: (1) te whakaiti i ngā aukati wā poto, (2) te whakawhānui i te kaha ā-rohe, me (3) te whakatairanga i te auahatanga. Ahakoa ka puta ngā painga o ēnei wawaotanga i roto i ngā wā rerekē, me whakaaro ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ki ngā rautaki i roto i ngā wāhanga e toru.

Ngā rautaki hei whakamama i ngā aukati o te mekameka tuku whatunga mō te wā poto

I roto i ngā wā tata nei, me arotahi ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ki te arotau i te kaha o te whatunga hiko o nāianei, te mahi tahi me ngā whenua tautoko, te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga i ngā whare o nāianei, me te whakarei ake i te mahi tahi a te umanga. Mā te āwhina a ngā tahua moni hou, ka taea e te DOE te whakatinana i ētahi o ngā taunakitanga i raro nei. Ka taea e te huringa tahua moni FY27 te whakarato i ētahi atu pūtea hei whakamama i ngā arai i te wā tata nei, i te mea te whakamana anō i te Ture Pūngao o te tau 2020 he whai wāhitanga ki te whakapūmau i tētahi kaupapa mekameka tuku whatunga a te DOE.

• Whakatairanga i ngā otinga whatunga rerekē. He maha ngā ngā otinga mō te wā tata ka taea te āwhina i ngā ratonga whakahaere kia pai ake te whakamahi i ngā hanganga o nāianei hei whakaroa i ngā hoko taputapu tuku me te tohatoha hou. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā tipu hiko mariko, ngā hangarau tuku matatau, me tono kia ngāwari, me te whakahou hiko maMe arotahi ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ā-motu ki ngā otinga hei whakaiti i ngā arai ki te whakatinanatanga, me te whakaaro ki ngā mahi ōrite hei whakapai ake te utu mō te hiko.
• Whai i ngā hononga mahi tahi me ngā whenua tautoko. Mā te anga o Amerika-Hapani, ka taea e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here te whakauru i ngā taputapu whatunga ki ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko hei āwhina i te pupuri i te tuku i te wā poto. Ahakoa te korenga o te ao, kua whai wāhi ētahi whenua takitahi ki te... te kaha whakaputa tāpiri, ā, ka taea e te DOE te whai wāhi ki te whakahaere i ngā whanaungatanga ki ngā kaiwhakarato hou hei āwhina i te hanga whakawhirinaki i waenga i ngā kamupene whakahaere me ngā kaihanga o te ao i tua atu i tā rātou rārangi kaiwhakarato pai o nāianei.
• Whakanuia te whakaputanga o nāianei. Mā te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga i ngā wheketere taputapu whatunga o nāianei ka tere ake te whakaiti i te korenga o ngā hua i ngā haumitanga hou. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakanui ake i ngā huringa mahi, te haumi ki ngā kaupapa whakaputa hua, me te whakawhānui ake i ngā raina whakaputa. Mena kei te noho tonu te koretake o te whakapaipai o mua, te mahi, te tono rānei hei arai ki te whakawhānui, ka taea e te DOE te tautoko mā te whakarei ake i te nama, ngā kaupapa whakawhanake kaimahi, mā te whakarite rānei i te tangohanga.
• Whakarei ake i te mahi tahi a te umanga. Ka taea e te DOE te whakamahi i ōna mana huihuinga hei whakakotahi i ngā kaihanga wāhanga whatunga, ngā ratonga, me ētahi atu kiritaki ahumahi hei whakapai ake i te māramatanga ki ngā mōrearea o te mekameka tuku me te whakahohe i te whakaoti rapanga tahi. Ngā huihuinga DOE, he whakaoranga anō rānei te tīma taika mekameka tuku, ka taea te whakahaere ngā whakaaetanga tiritiri tahi i waenga i ngā ratonga me ngā taonga tārua hei whakakore i ngā arai mō te wā poto. Ka taea hoki e ngā huihuinga te āwhina i te umanga ki te whakarite i ngā rahinga mō te wā roa, te whakarite i ngā hoahoa, me te mahi tahi ki te whakawhanake i ngā kaimahi kia tino mohio ai ngā kaihanga ki te haumi ki ngā kaha hou.
• Whakapūmautia ngā whakaurunga rauemi tino nui. Ka taea e te Kāwanatanga te whakamahi i ngā mea hou kua hangaia Whare Pupuri Kaupapa, he putunga taonga e tautokona ana e EXIM, hei whakamama i ngā wero o te wātea o ngā rauemi me ngā mākete huarere hurihuri mō te maitai motuhake me ētahi atu rauemi nui.

Ngā rautaki hei whakawhānui ake i te hanga ā-rohe o ngā wāhanga whatunga matua

E hia tau pea te roa o ngā whakaurunga Greenfield kia tutuki ai te whakaputanga katoa, engari he mea nui te mahi i ēnei haumitanga i tēnei rā hei pupuri i te pumau me te tipu o te whatunga hiko o Amerika, hei whakaiti i te pānga ki ngā raruraru o te mekameka tuku a meake nei, me te whakamahi i te whai wāhitanga ōhanga o te hanga ā-rohe. Me whai whakaaro ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ki ngā rautaki e whai ake nei hei whakatenatena i te haumitanga kaha hanga hou, me te whakarite i ngā wāhanga me ngā rauemi whatunga ki te mōrearea nui rawa.

• Whakawhanui ake i ngā whakatenatena taake hangahanga. Ka taea e te Runanga te whakawhānui ake i ngā whiwhinga taake hangahanga matatau me te haumitanga ki te mekameka tuku whatunga hiko. Mā ngā whakatenatena taake ka āwhina i te kati i te āputa utu whakaputa me ngā kawemai me te whakaoho i te haumitanga ki te kaha whakaputa hou mā te whakanui ake i ngā hokinga mai o ngā kaupapa. Me hoahoa ngā whiwhinga taake mō te mekameka tuku whatunga hiko hei tautoko i ngā rauemi hangarau me ngā taonga kua oti, tae atu ki ngā wāhanga o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei. Ko tētahi huarahi ko te waihanga i tētahi whiwhinga taake haumitanga mō ngā whare hanga hou (hei tauira, te tohatoha moni ki te kaupapa 48C kua āhei kē ngā taputapu whatunga hiko), me te whakarato i tētahi whiwhinga taake whakaputa mō ngā whakaurunga rauemi me ngā wāhanga (hei tauira, te tāpiri i te mekameka tuku whatunga hiko ki 45XMā tēnei hanganga ka akiaki i te haumi ki ngā kaha hanga hou, me te aro atu ki ngā here o ngā rauemi mata i te tīmatanga.
• Me whakarite kia whiwhi koe i te pūtea tauine iti te utu. Ka taea e ngā kaupapa nama ā-motu te whakarato i te pūtea iti te utu hei whakanui i te whakaputa me te whakapai ake i te whakataetae. Hei tauira, ko ngā mahi a te DOE Kaupapa Pūtea Mana Whakahaere Pūngao ka taea te whakarato i ngā nama iti te utu me ngā taurangi nama mō te hanga taputapu me ngā rauemi whatunga. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakamahi i te DPA Taitara III hei putea i te hanganga, i te whakawhānui rānei i ngā tipu mā roto i ngā tahua, ngā nama, me ngā taurangi nama hei hanga hua e iti ana te tuku e tino nui ana ki te pareparenga ā-motu me te haumarutanga pūngao. Ka taea e te Runanga te tautoko i te hanga whatunga mā te te whakamana anō i te DPA me te tuku moni ki te Tahua DPA.
• Whakatikahia ngā arai kore-utu ki te whakaputa. Haunga ngā whiwhinga tāke me ngā nama, me aro atu ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ki ētahi atu arai ki te whakaputanga, pērā i te wātea o ngā kaimahi, te nui o ngā whakaritenga, me te koretake o te tono. Ka taea e te Tari Whakahaere o ngā Whenua te mahi tahi me te rāngai tūmataiti ki te whakawhanake i ngā kaimahi me te whakapūmau i ngā taputapu, me te whakaaro ki te whakahaere i ngā herenga ki te here i ngā rahinga i waenga i ngā ratonga me ngā kaihanga. Ki te mea ka ārai te koretake o te tono i te haumitanga hanga hou, ka taea e te kāwanatanga ā-motu te whakauru mai hei kaihoko pumau, hei kaihoko whakamutunga rānei, mā te whakamahi i ngā mana whakahaere DPA, i ngā mana whakahaere tauwhitinga kē atu rānei a te Tari Whakahaere o ngā Whenua ki te waihanga i tētahi rahui whakawhiti rautaki mariko, e āwhina ana ki te whakangawari i ngā huringa pūngao me te pakaru, me te whakatairanga i te paerewa taputapu. Hei whakapai ake i te whakataetae hangahanga, ka taea hoki e te kāwanatanga ā-motu te whakaaro ki ngā kaupapa hei whakatenatena ngā tikanga hanga matatau me whakatairanga i te whakarōpūtanga ahumahi e whakatairanga ana i ngā āheinga ōhanga me ngā kaha ahumahi o ngā rohe.

Ngā rautaki hei whakatairanga i te auahatanga hangarau whatunga

Kei te tere te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu whatunga, me ngā hangarau hou e puta mai ana i te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei mai i ngā LPT auaha me ngā teihana hiko totoka ki ngā kaiārahi tuku hiko HVDC me ngā mahi teitei. He maha ngā kamupene tīmatanga kei te US kei te hanga taputapu whatunga hei whakapai ake i te mahi, hei karo i ngā here o ngā rauemi mata, ā, he hoahoa ngāwari, he hoahoa mahi tahi hoki. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here te āwhina i te whakatairanga me te hokohoko i ēnei mahi auaha i te United States.

• Te haumi ki te rangahau, te whanaketanga, me te whakaaturanga (RD&D) mō ngā mekameka tuku whatungaKa taea e te DOE, i roto i te mahi tahi me te pūnaha Taiwhanga ā-Motu, te tautoko i te rāngai tūmataiti ki te whakawhanake me te whakamātautau i ngā wāhanga whatunga o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei mā roto i ngā kaupapa pēnei i Te Manawanui o te Whakawhiti me ngā Wāhanga Matatau, Rangahau Auaha Pakihi Iti, Whakawhiti Hangarau Pakihi Iti, me ētahi atu taonga me ngā whakataetae. Ka taea hoki e te Runanga te whakaaro ki te whakarite moni tāpiri mō te R&D taputapu whatunga.
• Whakangāwaritia ngā kaupapa whakamātautau me ngā ratongaKa taea e te DOE te whakateretere i te whakaurunga o ngā wāhanga whatunga matatau mā te putea i ngā kaupapa whakamātautau me ngā kaupapa whakaaturanga me ngā ratonga whakahaere hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whakatinanatanga tuatahi o ngā hangarau matatau, e hanga ana mai i ngā mea hou Ngā Kaupapa Auahatanga Whatunga.
• Tautokohia te hokohoko waweHei tautoko i te hanga wāhanga whatunga i te tīmatanga, ka taea e te DOE te whakawhānui ake i te urunga atu ki ngā raina whakaputa whakamātautau me te hanga whakaaturanga-tauine mā roto i ngā kaupapa pēnei i ARPA-E SCALEUP te Te Pūtea Hokohoko Hangarau.

Mā te whakapakari i te mekameka tuku whatunga ka waihangahia he whai wāhitanga mō te tipu ōhanga i roto i ngā kawanatanga me ngā rohe puta noa i te motu. Hei tauira, tātaritanga hou i California i kitea mēnā ka tutuki i te hanga ā-rohe te 30% o te tono taputapu whatunga, ka hangaia he mahi wā-katoa, pumau ki te 12,000. Hei whakanoho i ō rātou rohe ki te kukume i te haumitanga whakangao, ka taea e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ā-rohe me ngā kaiārahi whanaketanga ōhanga te mahi i ēnei e whai ake nei:

• Maherehia ngā hononga i waenga i te turanga ahumahi o tō rātou rohe me ngā tukanga whakaputa mō ngā momo taputapu whatunga rerekē. Mā tēnei mahi ka hangaia he anga tohutoro taumata-tiketike mō ngā momo hanga taputapu whatunga, i roto i te hangarau me te wāhanga mekameka tuku, e tino hono ana ki ngā kaha o te hunga mahi ā-rohe kua kohia. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka noho tahi ngā rōpū hanga whakawhiti hiko me te hanga hinu whakahinuhinu. Tērā pea ka whakaatahia tēnei i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ārai i roto i te mekameka tuku mō ngā whakawhiti hiko nui tuku iho.
• Te āwhina i te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa whakangungu kaimahi kua whakaritea mō rātou. Pērā i te tini o ngā mea e tere tipu ana ahumahi hiko ngā rāngai, e kī ana ngā kaihanga taputapu whatunga he uaua tonu te kimi i ngā kaimahi hangarau pūkenga. Nō reira, kua whai ngā kaihanga ngā kaupapa kaimahi ngāwari kua whakahuatia hei mea nui hei whakatau i te wāhi o te motu hei whakatū kaupapa hou. Ngā kaupapa whakawhanake kaimahi ārahi ā-motu puta noa i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti Ko ētahi o ngā take i ārahi ai ngā whenua pēnei i a North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, me Virginia i te huarahi ki te kukume i te haumitanga ki te hanga whatunga hiko i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa. Mā ngā kaupapa whakawhanake kaimahi kua whakaritea, kua ngāwari hoki, ka taea e ngā whenua te whakataetae mō ngā momo kaupapa matua ka taea te whakatairanga i ngā rōpū hanga hou.

Whakaaturanga 8

Koinei te wā tika hei whakapakari i ngā mekameka tuku pūngao o Amerika